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Dystonia-Parkinsonism

If you or a loved one has recently been diagnosed with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism, we hope our website can help answer some of your questions and guide you to the most appropriate resources. We encourage you to call our team to speak to a genetic counselor who can help you navigate this diagnosis. Please email us at info@nbiacure.org and we will set up a phone call with you.

PLAN (PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration) is a NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) disorder. Based on an individual’s age of onset and symptoms, they may be classified as having one of three types of PLAN: INAD, aNAD or PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. However, as we learn more about PLAN, we have found that some people fall between these 3 categories. In other words, there is a broad spectrum of symptoms.

SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism can start to appear anytime between childhood and early adulthood, but the majority begin in the late teens to 20s. Regardless of when their symptoms first start, individuals with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism consistently develop dystonia and parkinsonism in their late teens to early twenties.

Common symptoms include:

Parkinsonism (common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease)
  • Tremors (shaking)
  • Hypokinesia (decreased muscle movement)
  • Rigidity (stiffness)
  • Postural instability (loss of balance that causes unsteadiness)
Gait disturbance (walking difficulty)
  • Typically the first symptom that is noticed
  • Shuffling walk, freezing or getting “stuck” when walking
Dystonia (involuntarily muscle contraction and spasms)
  • Most common in the hands and feet
  • May be more generalized
Dysarthria (poor articulation or slurring)
  • Progressive speech problems can make it difficult to be understood by acquaintances and others in the community. Usually people close to the individual with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism have learned to better understand their speech.
Rapid cognitive (mental) decline
Neuropsychiatric changes (often the first symptoms in young adults)
  • Depression
  • Personality changes
  • Aggression
  • Delusions
  • Paranoia

CAUSE/GENETICS

karyotype-21The human body is made up of millions of cells. Inside every cell there is a structure called DNA, which is like an instruction book. DNA contains detailed steps about how all the parts of the body are put together and how they work. However, DNA contains too much information to fit into a single “book”so it is packaged into multiple volumes called chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 total chromosomes that are organized in 23 pairs. There are two copies of each chromosome because we receive one set of 23 chromosomes from our biological mother and the other set of 23 from our biological father. Chromosomes 1-22 are called autosomes and the last pair is called the sex chromosomes because they determine a person’s gender. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y.

If DNA is the body’s instruction book and it is stored in multiple volumes (called chromosomes), then genes would be the individual chapters of those books. Genes are small pieces of DNA that regulate certain parts or functions of the body. Sometimes multiple genes (or chapters) are needed to control one function. Other times, just one gene (or chapter) can influence multiple functions. Since there are two copies of each chromosome, there are also two copies of each gene. In some gene pairs, both copies need to be expressed (or turned on) in order for them to do their job correctly. For other genes pairs, only one copy needs to be expressed.

When a single cell in the human body divides and replicates, its DNA is also replicated. This replication process is usually very accurate but sometimes the body can make a mistake and create a “typo” (or mutation). Just like a typo in a book, a mutation in the DNA can be unnoticeable, harmless, or serious. A mutation with serious consequences can result in a part of the body not developing correctly or a particular function not working properly.

In the case of NBIA disorders, changes in certain genes cause a person to develop their particular type of NBIA. Changes in these NBIA genes lead to the groups of symptoms we observe, although we do not yet understand how the changed genes cause many of these findings. PLA2G6 is the only gene known to cause all the types of PLAN. PLA2G6’s main job is to tell the body’s cells how to make an enzyme called A2 phospholipase that breaks down phospholipids. When a change the PLA2G6 gene impairs the function of this enzyme, the cells’ membrane maintenance is disrupted and may lead to the development of spheroid bodies in the nerve axons. It is not yet clear to us how the decrease in A2 phospholipase eventually leads to iron accumulation in the brain.

As mentioned earlier, humans have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Half of these chromosomes are passed down (or inherited) from the biological mother and half from the biological father. The way in which a gene carrying a change is passed down from parents to child varies from gene to gene. The PLA2G6 gene that is altered in those with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

“Autosomal” refers to the fact that the PLA2G6 gene is located on chromosome 22, which is one of the autosomes (chromosome pairs 1-22). Since the sex chromosomes are not involved, males and females are equally likely to inherit the changed gene. “Recessive” refers to the fact that a gene change must be present in both copies of the PLA2G6 gene for a person to have PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. If an individual has only one PLA2G6 gene change, then they are called a “carrier” for PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. Carriers do not have health problems related to that gene change and often do not know they carry a recessive gene change. However, if two PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism carriers have a child together, then there is a 25% chance that they will both pass on their recessive PLA2G6 gene changes and have a child with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism.

As seen in the image to the left, in a pregnancy between two PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism carriers:

  • There is a 25% chance of the child having PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism
  • There is a 50% chance that the child will be a carrier like his/her parents
  • There is a 25% chance that the child will not have PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism or be a carrier

DIAGNOSIS & TESTING

An MRI of the brain and an ophthalmologic exam are key tests used to establish the clinical symptoms of PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. An MRI produces a picture of the body that is created using a magnetic field and a computer. The technology used in an MRI is different from that of an x-ray. MRI is painless and is even considered safe to do during pregnancy. Sometimes an MRI is done of the whole body, but more often, a doctor will order an MRI of one particular part of the body.

An MRI is often ordered as part of the work-up of children with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism symptoms. However, it may be normal, especially early in disease. A T2 sequence is the preferred type of MRI because it is highly sensitive to the detection of brain iron.

MRI findings for PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism include:
  • Hypointensity (darkness) in globus pallidus
    • Indicates iron accumulation
    • Not all individuals with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism have iron accumulation

In some individuals with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism, abnormal brain iron accumulation may not be evident on MRI studies until late in the disease course.

Unlike INAD and aNAD, individuals with PLA2G6-associated dystonia-parkinsonism appear to have no peripheral spheroids in their biopsies. However, only limited pathologic material has been available from this group, so more research is needed in this area.

Now, a diagnosis of PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism is confirmed through genetic testing of the PLA2G6 gene to find two gene changes. At least one PLA2G6 gene change is found through DNA sequence analysis in ~85% of individuals.

If no gene change or only one gene change is found through sequence analysis of the PLA2G6 gene, then genetic testing may proceed to deletion/duplication analysis. Among individuals who go forward with deletion/duplication analysis, a gene change may be found in ~12.5% of cases.

Sometimes an individual with the signs and symptoms of PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism will have only one or even no PLA2G6 gene changes identified. This can happen because the genetic testing is not perfect and has certain limitations. It does not mean the person does not have PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism; it may just mean we do not yet have the technology to find the hidden gene change. In these cases it becomes very important to have doctors experienced with PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism review the MRI and the person’s symptoms very carefully to be as sure as possible of the diagnosis.

MANAGEMENT

decor-medical3-4There is no standard treatment for atypical PKAN. Patients are managed by a team of medical professionals that recommends treatments based on current symptoms.

Medication to manage parkinsonism:

The symptoms of parkinsonism can be treated with the same medications used in Parkinson’s disease. Treatment with Levodopa (a medication the body converts into dopamine) or dopamine agonist drugs must be started and monitored carefully. In the beginning, the dose is increased gradually until both the patient and doctor feel symptoms are under control. While taking dopaminergic drugs, individuals must be regularly monitored for adverse neuropsychiatric effects, psychiatric symptoms and worsening of parkinsonism.

It is common for individuals to have an initially dramatic positive response to the dopamine agonist drugs, but this response tends to be short-lived and is quickly followed by the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias (unwanted movement). Despite these side effects, treatment with dopamine agonist drugs is often continued because affected individuals typically experience benefits from the medication for some time while the dyskinesias are expected to decline after medication is discontinued.

Other long-term management can include:
  • Treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms by a psychiatrist
  • Monitoring of individuals receiving dopaminergic drugs for parkinsonism for:
    • Adverse neuropsychiatric effects
    • Psychiatric symptoms
    • Worsening of parkinsonism
  • Physical therapy for postural instability and gait difficulties
  • Occupational therapy to assist with activities of daily living
  • Feeding modifications to prevent aspiration pneumonia and achieve adequate nutrition
    • Addition of gastric feeding tube or tracheostomy (if needed)
  • Early physical therapy and orthopedic management as needed

PROGRESSION

PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism is rare, so the long-term progression and average life span are difficult to predict. Once symptoms begin, the progression typically moves at a rapid pace.

RESEARCH

You can currently enroll in (or enroll your child in) a natural history study called PLANready. The purpose of this study is to help us better understand the progression of PLAN/PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism and identify disease markers that can be used in future clinical trials. This study can be done completely from home and involves entering information every three-six months. You can learn more about this study and enroll here: PLANREADY

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